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Frontend developer

Find out what a frontend developer in government does and the skills you need to do the role at each level.

Last updated 30 August 2024 — See all updates

What a frontend developer does

A frontend developer designs, builds and improves website software that meets user needs.

In this role, you will:

  • be responsible for writing clean, accessible code following a progressive enhancement approach
  • create code that is open by default and easy for others to reuse
  • design software which meets user needs and creates meaningful interactions and relationships with users
  • have an understanding of the three fundamental frontend technologies (HTML, CSS and JavaScript)

Frontend developer role levels

There are 6 frontend developer role levels, from apprentice frontend developer to head of frontend development.

The typical responsibilities and skills for each role level are described in the sections below. You can use this to identify the skills you need to progress in your career, or simply to learn more about each role in the Government Digital and Data profession.

1. Apprentice frontend developer

An apprentice frontend developer attends certified training and develops skills on the job.

At this role level, you will:

  • spend a substantial portion of time shadowing others
  • work with other developers to write code and tests
  • write code that follows web standards
  • build your understanding of accessibility
  • build your knowledge
  • develop software which meets user needs

This role level is often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • AO (Administrative Officer)
  • EO (Executive Officer)
Skill Description

Accessibility

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand accessibility and that users have different accessibility needs
  • help fix accessibility issues under the direction of others

Communicating information

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • listen to the needs of design and business stakeholders and interpret information
  • take part in discussions within a multidisciplinary team

Community collaboration (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand the work of others and the importance of team dynamics, collaboration and feedback

Leadership and guidance (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • follow agreed good practice for the team
  • show an awareness of the importance of team dynamics and collaboration
  • understand the importance of feedback

Modern standards approach

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand the importance of adopting a modern standards approach

Programming and build (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • design, code, test, correct and document simple user interfaces using the right standards and tools under the direction of others

Prototyping

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • explain what prototyping is, and why and when to use it
  • understand how to work in an open and collaborative environment (by pair working, for example)

User focus (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • show an understanding of user experience analysis and its principles
  • explain the purpose of user stories and the focus on user needs

Web performance optimisation

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • describe the basic principles of web performance
  • explain why web performance is important
  • help improve web performance under supervision

2. Junior frontend developer

A junior frontend developer learns on the job by delivering software components.

At this role level, you will:

  • work independently, with guidance from more senior developers, to identify user issues and needs
  • write clean code that follows web standards
  • build your understanding of accessibility
  • build your knowledge
  • develop software which meets user needs

This role level is often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • EO (Executive Officer)
  • HEO (Higher Executive Officer)
Skill Description

Accessibility

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand users have different accessibility needs
  • build user interfaces that meet accessibility standards and fix accessibility issues under the direction of others

Communicating information

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • listen to the needs of design and business stakeholders and interpret information
  • take part in discussions within a multidisciplinary team
  • be an advocate for the team externally, and can manage differing perspectives
  • shape and share communications relevant to the audience

Community collaboration (frontend developer)

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • contribute to the work of others
  • motivate and empower teams
  • create the right environment for teams to work in, and can identify the best team makeup depending on the situation
  • recognise and deal with issues

Leadership and guidance (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • follow agreed good practice for the team
  • show an awareness of the importance of team dynamics and collaboration
  • understand the importance of feedback

Modern standards approach

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • explain the most important principles of a modern standards approach and how they apply to the work you are undertaking
  • apply these principles under guidance

Programming and build (frontend developer)

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • collaborate with others to understand and review software requirements
  • design, code, test, correct and document user interfaces using the right standards and tools under the direction of others

Prototyping

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand when to use a specific prototyping technique or method
  • show the value of prototyping to your team

Strategic thinking

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • explain the strategic context of your work and why it is important
  • support strategic planning in an administrative capacity

Systems design (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • assist as part of a team in the design of components of larger systems

Systems integration (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • show an awareness of how to build static assets from source code
  • explain how browsers use and present static assets to the end users, and how different versions of an interface can be delivered for different browsers and devices

User focus (frontend developer)

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • show an understanding of user experience analysis and its principles
  • explain the purpose of user stories and the focus on user needs

Web performance optimisation

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • describe the basic principles of web performance
  • explain why web performance is important
  • help improve web performance under supervision

3. Frontend developer

A frontend developer builds software components, primarily in the form of user interfaces.

At this role level, you will:

  • collaborate and work closely with other disciplines to develop designs and working prototypes based on user needs and in support of organisational aims
  • develop software components that form part of a product to meet user needs
  • write clean, well-tested code that follows web standards
  • coach and mentor more junior colleagues

This role level is often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • HEO (Higher Executive Officer)
  • SEO (Senior Executive Officer)
Skill Description

Accessibility

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • build user interfaces that meet a predefined set of standards
  • champion accessibility to internal stakeholders
  • offer design feedback to mitigate the risk of failing accessibility testing
  • offer recommendations on the best tools and methods to use when accessibility testing

Communicating information

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • work collaboratively in a group and build relationships with others
  • identify issues through Agile 'health checks' and work with others to address them
  • manage stakeholder expectations
  • be flexible and capable of proactive and reactive communication
  • host or moderate difficult discussions within the team or with senior stakeholders

Community collaboration (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • work collaboratively in a group, actively networking with others
  • adapt feedback to ensure it’s effective and lasting
  • use your initiative to identify problems or issues in the team dynamic and rectify them
  • identify issues through Agile ‘health checks’ with the team, and help to stimulate the right responses

Leadership and guidance (frontend developer)

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand the impact of decisions
  • make decisions characterised by different levels of risk and complexity
  • resolve technical disputes between wider peers and indirect stakeholders, taking into account all views and opinions

Modern standards approach

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • competently apply a modern standards approach and guide others to do so

Programming and build (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • collaborate with others when necessary to review specifications
  • use the agreed specifications to build, test and document user interfaces of medium to high complexity, using the right standards and tools

Prototyping

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • approach prototyping as a team activity, actively soliciting prototypes and testing with others
  • establish design patterns and iterate them
  • use a variety of prototyping methods and choose the most appropriate

Strategic thinking

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • work within a strategic context and communicate how activities meet strategic goals
  • contribute to the development of strategy and policies

Systems design (frontend developer)

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • translate agreed designs into working user interfaces following modern standards
  • manage and document technical complexity to make sure work is easily maintained and reusable

Systems integration (frontend developer)

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • build static assets from source code and test that the resulting user interface works as expected when delivered over the internet
  • work on integration tests and support configuration of the network part of the system as part of a wider team

User focus (frontend developer)

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • collaborate effectively with user researchers and interaction designers to represent user needs internally
  • champion user research to focus on all users
  • prioritise and define approaches to understand the user story, guiding others in doing so

Web performance optimisation

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • explain the principles of web performance
  • explain how poor performance can negatively affect user experience
  • help improve web performance
  • help identify and resolve web performance issues

4. Senior frontend developer

A senior frontend developer is an experienced developer who works with minimal support and can influence and mentor others.

At this role level, you will:

  • help set direction and embed good practice within teams
  • make decisions based on research
  • plan and lead development on sets of related stories, working with other disciplines to understand what needs to be built
  • have an understanding of the whole system
  • teach and mentor others

This role level is often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • SEO (Senior Executive Officer)
  • G7 (Grade 7)
Skill Description

Accessibility

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • build user interfaces that meet a predefined set of standards
  • champion accessibility to internal stakeholders
  • offer design feedback to mitigate the risk of failing accessibility testing
  • offer recommendations on the best tools and methods to use when accessibility testing

Communicating information

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • work collaboratively in a group and build relationships with others
  • identify issues through Agile 'health checks' and work with others to address them
  • manage stakeholder expectations
  • be flexible and capable of proactive and reactive communication
  • host or moderate difficult discussions within the team or with senior stakeholders

Community collaboration (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • work collaboratively in a group, actively networking with others
  • adapt feedback to ensure it’s effective and lasting
  • use your initiative to identify problems or issues in the team dynamic and rectify them
  • identify issues through Agile ‘health checks’ with the team, and help to stimulate the right responses

Leadership and guidance (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • make decisions characterised by medium levels of risk and complexity, and can recommend decisions as risk and complexity increase
  • contribute to best practice guidelines

Modern standards approach

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • competently apply a modern standards approach and guide others to do so

Programming and build (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • collaborate with others when necessary to review specifications
  • use the agreed specifications to build, test and document user interfaces of medium to high complexity, using the right standards and tools

Prototyping

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • approach prototyping as a team activity, actively soliciting prototypes and testing with others
  • establish design patterns and iterate them
  • use a variety of prototyping methods and choose the most appropriate

Strategic thinking

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • define strategies and policies, providing guidance to others on working in the strategic context
  • evaluate current strategies to ensure business requirements are being met and exceeded where possible

Systems design (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • translate agreed designs into working user interfaces following modern standards
  • manage and document technical complexity to make sure work is easily maintained and reusable
  • work with well-understood technology and can identify appropriate patterns to make effective use of technologies’ best features

Systems integration (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • define the static assets build
  • co-ordinate all aspects of the integration and take responsibility for the tests around the user interface
  • configure the part of the system that uses the network and test that it works as expected

User focus (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • collaborate with user researchers and interaction designers to represent user needs internally
  • explain the difference between user needs and the desires of the user. You champion user research to focus on all users
  • effectively prioritise and define approaches to understand the user story, guiding others to do so
  • offer recommendations on the best tools and methods to use

Web performance optimisation

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • identify and resolve web performance issues
  • collect data to monitor and resolve web performance issues
  • guide on the best web performance optimisation software and methods to use

5. Lead frontend developer

A lead frontend developer is an expert practitioner who influences and mentors others.

At this role level, you will:

  • set direction and assure the quality of development across teams
  • lead multiple or highly complex services
  • contribute to the community, providing technical leadership, coaching and mentoring
  • promote knowledge sharing and adoption of good practice
  • be proficient in a wide range of technical systems and able to identify appropriate technology and approaches

This role level is often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • G7 (Grade 7)
  • G6 (Grade 6)
Skill Description

Accessibility

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • show a strong understanding of accessibility and be an advocate for users with accessibility needs
  • build user interfaces that meet a predefined set of standards
  • champion accessibility to internal and external stakeholders
  • offer design solutions to mitigate the risk of failing accessibility testing
  • recommend the best tools and methods to use when accessibility testing

Communicating information

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • mediate between people and mend relationships, communicating with stakeholders at all levels
  • manage stakeholder expectations and host or moderate discussions about high risk and complexity, even within constrained timescales
  • speak on behalf of and represent the community to large audiences inside and outside of government

Community collaboration (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • work collaboratively in a group, actively networking with others
  • adapt feedback to ensure it’s effective and lasting
  • use your initiative to identify problems or issues in the team dynamic and rectify them
  • identify issues through Agile ‘health checks’ with the team, and help to stimulate the right responses

Leadership and guidance (frontend developer)

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • change organisational structures to fixable and sustainable designs
  • lead on the strategy for the whole organisation, marrying business needs with innovative analysis
  • make and justify decisions characterised by high levels of risk, impact and complexity
  • build consensus between organisations (private or public) or highly independent stakeholders
  • solve and unblock issues between teams or departments at the highest level
  • understand the psychology of a team and have strong mediation skills
  • coach the organisation on team dynamics and conflict resolution

Modern standards approach

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • demonstrate a strong understanding of the most appropriate modern standards and practices, and how they are applied
  • coach and guide others in these standards

Programming and build (frontend developer)

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • advise on the right way to apply standards and methods to ensure compliance
  • provide technical advice to stakeholders and set team-based standards for programming tools and techniques
  • collaborate with others when required to review specifications
  • use specifications to build, test and document user interfaces of high complexity, using the appropriate standards and tools

Prototyping

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • approach prototyping as a team activity, actively soliciting prototypes and testing with others
  • establish design patterns and iterate them
  • use a variety of prototyping methods and choose the most appropriate

Strategic thinking

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • lead the design and implementation of strategy, directing the evaluation of strategies and policies to ensure business requirements are being met

Systems design (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • translate agreed designs into working user interfaces following modern standards
  • manage and document technical complexity to make sure work is easily maintained and reusable
  • work with well-understood technology and can identify appropriate patterns to make effective use of technologies’ best features

Systems integration (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • define the static assets build
  • co-ordinate all aspects of the integration and take responsibility for the tests around the user interface
  • configure the part of the system that uses the network and test that it works as expected

User focus (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • collaborate with user researchers and interaction designers to represent user needs internally
  • explain the difference between user needs and the desires of the user. You champion user research to focus on all users
  • effectively prioritise and define approaches to understand the user story, guiding others to do so
  • offer recommendations on the best tools and methods to use

Web performance optimisation

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • identify and resolve web performance issues
  • collect data to monitor and resolve web performance issues
  • guide on the best web performance optimisation software and methods to use

6. Head of frontend development

A head of frontend development is an expert practitioner with broad industry experience. They are an expert in many technical areas, or specialists with very deep knowledge in a particular technical area.

At this role level, you will:

  • define and assure best practice while influencing, leading and mentoring others
  • influence and develop organisational strategy and priorities, collaborating with counterpart colleagues across government
  • ensure the right conditions and environment for frontend developers to work effectively
  • develop departmental capability by facilitating internal mobility, shaping career paths and recruiting talent

This role level is often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • G6 (Grade 6)
Skill Description

Accessibility

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • show a strong understanding of accessibility and be an advocate for users with accessibility needs
  • build user interfaces that meet a predefined set of standards
  • champion accessibility to internal and external stakeholders
  • offer design solutions to mitigate the risk of failing accessibility testing
  • recommend the best tools and methods to use when accessibility testing

Communicating information

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • mediate between people and mend relationships, communicating with stakeholders at all levels
  • manage stakeholder expectations and host or moderate discussions about high risk and complexity, even within constrained timescales
  • speak on behalf of and represent the community to large audiences inside and outside of government

Community collaboration (frontend developer)

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • solve and unblock issues between teams or departments at the highest level
  • coach the organisation on team dynamics and conflict resolution, while also building and growing the community

Leadership and guidance (frontend developer)

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • change organisational structures to fixable and sustainable designs
  • lead on the strategy for the whole organisation, marrying business needs with innovative analysis
  • make and justify decisions characterised by high levels of risk, impact and complexity
  • build consensus between organisations (private or public) or highly independent stakeholders
  • solve and unblock issues between teams or departments at the highest level
  • understand the psychology of a team and have strong mediation skills
  • coach the organisation on team dynamics and conflict resolution

Modern standards approach

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • demonstrate a strong understanding of the most appropriate modern standards and practices, and how they are applied
  • coach and guide others in these standards

Programming and build (frontend developer)

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • advise on the right way to apply standards and methods to ensure compliance
  • provide technical advice to stakeholders and set team-based standards for programming tools and techniques
  • collaborate with others when required to review specifications
  • use specifications to build, test and document user interfaces of high complexity, using the appropriate standards and tools

Prototyping

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • use a variety of prototyping methods
  • share best practice and coach others
  • look at strategic service design end to end

Strategic thinking

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • lead the design and implementation of strategy, directing the evaluation of strategies and policies to ensure business requirements are being met

Systems design (frontend developer)

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • design systems characterised by high levels of risk and technical complexity
  • manage and document technical complexity to make sure work is easily maintained and reusable
  • select the appropriate standards, methods and tools, and make sure they are applied effectively
  • ensure others follow relevant technical strategies, policies, standards and practices
  • work with well understood technology and can identify appropriate patterns to make effective use of technologies’ best features

Systems integration (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • define the static assets build
  • co-ordinate all aspects of the integration and take responsibility for the tests around the user interface
  • configure the part of the system that uses the network and test that it works as expected

User focus (frontend developer)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • collaborate with user researchers and interaction designers to represent user needs internally
  • explain the difference between user needs and the desires of the user. You champion user research to focus on all users
  • effectively prioritise and define approaches to understand the user story, guiding others to do so
  • offer recommendations on the best tools and methods to use

Web performance optimisation

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • advocate for web performance optimisation best practices
  • coach and guide others
  • actively collect data from multiple tools to monitor and resolve web performance issues
Role Shared skills
Business architect

Communicating information

Strategic thinking

Content strategist

Prototyping

Strategic thinking

Development operations (DevOps) engineer

Modern standards approach

Prototyping

Graphic designer

Prototyping

Strategic thinking

Interaction designer

Prototyping

Strategic thinking

Updates

Published 3 December 2020

Last updated 30 August 2024

30 August 2024

  • Corrected an error in the skill 'leadership and guidance (frontend developer)' where the description for 'working' level had been added to the 'practitioner' level. The relevant requirements have been moved to 'working' and removed from 'practitioner'. The role level 'frontend developer' now uses the 'working' level description for this skill, as originally intended. This correction also affects 'senior frontend developer' which uses the 'practitioner' level that now has fewer requirements listed.
  • The skill 'web performance optimisation' has been updated. The change removed an incorrectly duplicated sentence about negative user experience from 'expert' level.

31 May 2024

  • Frontend developer now includes the 'modern standards approach' skill instead of 'modern standards approach (frontend developer)'. The content of the skill description at each level has not changed.

31 July 2023

  • Frontend developer was moved to the new software development role group.

30 August 2022

  • Corrected an error in the role level 'junior frontend developer'. For the skill 'strategic thinking', this role level now requires the 'awareness' level, instead of 'working' level.

3 December 2020

  • First published.