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Government Digital and Data Profession Capability Framework

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Data engineer

Find out what a data engineer in government does and the skills you need to do the role at each level.

Last updated 28 November 2025 — See all updates

What a data engineer does

A data engineer develops and constructs data products and services, and integrates them into systems and business processes.

Data engineer role levels

There are 4 data engineer role levels, from data engineer to head of data engineering.

The typical responsibilities and skills for each role level are described in the sections below. You can use this to identify the skills you need to progress in your career, or simply to learn more about each role in the Government Digital and Data profession.

1. Data engineer

A data engineer delivers the designs set by more senior members of the data engineering community.

At this role level, you will:

  • implement data flows to connect operational systems, data for analytics and business intelligence (BI) systems
  • document source-to-target mappings
  • re-engineer manual data flows to enable scaling and repeatable use
  • support the build of data streaming systems
  • write ETL (extract, transform, load) scripts and code to ensure the ETL process performs optimally
  • develop business intelligence reports that can be reused
  • build accessible data for analysis

This role level is most often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • HEO (Higher Executive Officer)
  • SEO (Senior Executive Officer)
Skill Description

Communicating between the technical and non-technical

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • explain why it's important to communicate technical concepts in non-technical language
  • explain the types of communication that can be used with internal and external stakeholders, and their impact

Data analysis and synthesis

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • undertake data profiling and source system analysis
  • present clear insights to colleagues to support the end use of the data

Data compliance and security

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • use official data classification when authoring documents
  • apply internal procedures, policies and technologies to ensure secure data handling
  • identify and address ethical considerations when working with data
  • address data compliance issues using internal processes

Data development process

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • implement simple data solutions such as data pipelines, following established approaches and standards
  • create repeatable, reliable and reusable data solutions

Data innovation

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • show an awareness of opportunities for innovation with new tools and uses of data

Data integration design

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • design simple data exchange or integration solutions using established patterns or modelling techniques
  • include security features in your data integration designs

Data modelling

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • explain the concepts and principles of data modelling
  • produce, maintain and update relevant data models for an organisation’s specific needs
  • reverse-engineer data models from a live system

Metadata management

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • use metadata repositories to complete complex tasks such as data and systems integration impact analysis
  • maintain a metadata repository to ensure information remains accurate and up to date

Problem management

Level: awareness

Awareness is the first of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • investigate problems in systems, processes and services, with an understanding of the level of a problem, for example, strategic, tactical or operational
  • contribute to the implementation of remedies and preventative measures

Programming and build (data and analytics engineering)

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • design, code, test and deploy programs or scripts following standards and good practice
  • write readable, maintainable code
  • use automation to improve the software development life cycle
  • consider and adopt appropriate security measures in your solutions

Technical understanding

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand the core technical concepts related to the role, and apply them with guidance

2. Senior data engineer

A senior data engineer designs and leads the implementation of data flows to connect operational systems, data for analytics and business intelligence (BI) systems.

At this role level, you will:

  • recognise opportunities to reuse existing data flows
  • lead the build of data streaming systems
  • optimise the code to ensure processes perform optimally
  • lead work on database management

This role level is most often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • SEO (Senior Executive Officer)
  • G7 (Grade 7)
Skill Description

Communicating between the technical and non-technical

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • communicate effectively with technical and non-technical stakeholders
  • support and host discussions within a multidisciplinary team, with potentially difficult dynamics
  • be an advocate for the team externally
  • manage differing stakeholder perspectives

Data analysis and synthesis

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • undertake data profiling and source system analysis
  • present clear insights to colleagues to support the end use of the data

Data compliance and security

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • consistently apply data ethics, legislation, internal procedures, policies and technologies to ensure secure data handling
  • help ensure your team remain compliant by identifying and addressing current and potential data compliance and ethical issues
  • guide and support others in addressing data compliance issues

Data development process

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • lead the implementation of complex or large-scale data solutions
  • apply appropriate technology and techniques to ensure data solutions are secure and scalable
  • identify and implement continuous improvement to the operation and performance of data solutions

Data innovation

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand the impact on the organisation of emerging trends in data tools, analysis techniques and data usage

Data integration design

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • select the most appropriate techniques for different integration scenarios
  • evaluate and lead the implementation of integration using varied approaches that ensure security, efficiency and compliance

Data modelling

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • produce relevant data models across multiple subject areas
  • explain which models to use for which purpose
  • understand industry-recognised data modelling patterns and standards, and when to apply them
  • compare and align different data models

Metadata management

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • design an appropriate metadata repository
  • suggest changes to improve current metadata repositories
  • understand a range of tools for storing and working with metadata
  • advise less experienced members of the team about metadata management

Problem management

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • initiate and monitor actions to investigate patterns and trends to resolve problems
  • effectively consult specialists where required
  • determine the appropriate resolution and assist with its implementation
  • determine preventative measures

Programming and build (data and analytics engineering)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • lead the design, code, testing and deployment of secure, resilient and maintainable solutions
  • continuously improve the codebase and reliability of solutions
  • create automation to improve the software development life cycle
  • work with others to implement standards and good practice to ensure security, testability and maintainability of solutions

Technical understanding

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand the core technical concepts related to the role, and apply them with guidance

3. Lead data engineer

A lead data engineer is responsible for the design and implementation of numerous complex data flows to connect operational systems, data for analytics and business intelligence (BI) systems.

At this role level, you will:

  • recognise and share opportunities to reuse existing data flows between teams
  • be responsible for the build of data-streaming systems
  • co-ordinate teams and set best practice and standards
  • apply knowledge of systems integration to your work
  • champion data engineering across government

This role level is most often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • G7 (Grade 7)
Skill Description

Communicating between the technical and non-technical

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • listen to and interpret the needs of technical and non-technical stakeholders, and manage their expectations
  • manage active and reactive communication
  • support or host difficult discussions within the team or with diverse senior stakeholders

Data analysis and synthesis

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand and help teams to apply a range of techniques for data profiling
  • source system analysis from a complex single source
  • bring multiple data sources together in a conformed model for analysis

Data compliance and security

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • advise senior stakeholders on data security, ethical or procedural risks
  • improve organisational awareness of data compliance and procedures
  • lead, guide and mentor teams in implementing secure data practices and maintaining compliance

Data development process

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • establish cross-organisational data solutions that include all aspects of the data development life cycle
  • define and promote good practices for creating repeatable, reliable and reusable data solutions

Data innovation

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • identify areas of innovation in data tools and techniques, and recognise appropriate timing for adoption

Data integration design

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • establish cross-organisational data integration standards and design patterns
  • guide teams in designing secure and interoperable systems and services

Data modelling

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand the concepts and principles of data modelling and can produce relevant data models
  • work across government and industry, recognising opportunities for the reuse and alignment of data models in different organisations
  • design the method to categorise data models within an organisation

Metadata management

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • design an appropriate metadata repository
  • suggest changes to improve current metadata repositories
  • understand a range of tools for storing and working with metadata
  • advise less experienced members of the team about metadata management

Problem management

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • ensure that the right actions are taken to investigate, resolve and anticipate problems
  • co-ordinate the team to investigate problems, implement solutions and take preventive measures

Programming and build (data and analytics engineering)

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • lead the design, code, testing and deployment of secure, resilient and maintainable solutions
  • continuously improve the codebase and reliability of solutions
  • create automation to improve the software development life cycle
  • work with others to implement standards and good practice to ensure security, testability and maintainability of solutions

Technical understanding

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • show a thorough understanding of the technical concepts required for the role, and can explain how these fit into the wider technical landscape

4. Head of data engineering

A head of data engineering leads multi-functional delivery teams to deliver robust data services for their department, other government departments and private sector partners.

At this role level, you will:

  • inspire best practice for data products and services within your teams
  • build data engineering capability by providing technical leadership and career development for the community
  • work with other senior team members to identify, plan, develop and deliver data services

This role level is most often performed at the Civil Service job grade of:

  • G7 (Grade 7)
  • G6 (Grade 6)
Skill Description

Communicating between the technical and non-technical

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • mediate between people and strengthen relationships, adopting the appropriate communication method with stakeholders at all levels
  • manage stakeholder expectations and moderate difficult discussions about high risk and complex topics, even within constrained timescales
  • speak on behalf of, and represent the community to, large audiences inside and outside the organisation

Data analysis and synthesis

Level: practitioner

Practitioner is the third of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • understand and help teams to apply a range of techniques for data profiling
  • source system analysis from a complex single source
  • bring multiple data sources together in a conformed model for analysis

Data compliance and security

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • advise senior stakeholders on data security, ethical or procedural risks
  • improve organisational awareness of data compliance and procedures
  • lead, guide and mentor teams in implementing secure data practices and maintaining compliance

Data development process

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • establish cross-organisational data solutions that include all aspects of the data development life cycle
  • define and promote good practices for creating repeatable, reliable and reusable data solutions

Data innovation

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • investigate emerging trends in data-related approaches, perform horizon-scanning for the organisation and introduce innovative ways of working

Data integration design

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • establish cross-organisational data integration standards and design patterns
  • guide teams in designing secure and interoperable systems and services

Data modelling

Level: working

Working is the second of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • explain the concepts and principles of data modelling
  • produce, maintain and update relevant data models for an organisation’s specific needs
  • reverse-engineer data models from a live system

Metadata management

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • identify how metadata repositories can support different areas of the organisation
  • communicate the value of metadata repositories
  • set up robust governance processes to keep repositories up to date

Problem management

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • anticipate problems and defend against them at the right time
  • understand how a problem fits into the larger picture
  • identify and describe problems, and help others to describe them
  • build problem-solving capabilities in others

Programming and build (data and analytics engineering)

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • set standards for programming tools and techniques
  • select appropriate development methods for a problem
  • advise on the application of standards and methods that ensure security, maintainability and compliance
  • take technical responsibility for all stages of a software development project, providing technical advice and guidance to stakeholders

Technical understanding

Level: expert

Expert is the fourth of 4 ascending skill levels

You can:

  • anticipate and advise on future technology changes that present opportunities for the product or programme

Role Shared skills
Analytics engineer

Data analysis and synthesis

Data innovation

Metadata management

Programming and build (data and analytics engineering)

Problem management

Communicating between the technical and non-technical

Data architect

Data analysis and synthesis

Data innovation

Data modelling

Metadata management

Problem management

Communicating between the technical and non-technical

Application operations engineer

Technical understanding

Problem management

Command and control centre manager

Technical understanding

Problem management

Data ethicist

Communicating between the technical and non-technical

Problem management

Updates

Published 7 January 2020

Last updated 28 November 2025

28 November 2025

The skills ‘data development process management’, ‘data integration design’ and programming and build (data and analytics engineering), previously ‘programming and build (data engineering)’ have been updated.‘

The skill ‘testing’ has been removed from the role.

28 February 2025

The skill 'communicating between the technical and non-technical' has been updated. The level descriptions were edited to improve clarity and to better meet the definitions for each level.

30 November 2024

The 'data engineering and manipulation' skill has been renamed 'data engineering'. The level descriptions have been updated to improve clarity and to better meet the definitions for skill levels.

The skill 'problem resolution (data)' has been replaced by an updated version of 'problem management'. The descriptions for these skills were very similar in meaning.

30 August 2024

The skill level descriptions for 'metadata management' have been updated to improve clarity and ensure consistency across the framework. No change was made to the meaning of skill level descriptions.

31 May 2024

The indicative job grades for 3 role levels have been updated. Data engineer has been updated from 'EO and HEO' to 'HEO and SEO'. Senior data engineer has been updated from 'HEO and SEO' to 'SEO and G7'. Lead data engineer has been updated from 'SEO and G7' to 'G7'. This change is based on the latest data on the most common grades for these role levels across government.

31 March 2023

The ‘data modelling’ skill description has been updated at practitioner level.

30 August 2022

The ‘communication skills (data)’ skill has been renamed ‘communicating between the technical and non-technical’ to ensure consistency across the DDaT Profession Capability Framework.

7 January 2020

First published.